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“Was the Portuguese colonialist racially tolerant?” Jose Carlos Rui
In celebration of Black Consciousness Month, we released Rui’s unprecedented posthumous work.
Read below the essay “Was the Portuguese Colonial Racially Tolerant?” In celebration of the Month of Black Consciousness Red publishes Rui’s unpublished posthumous work. One chapter of the book will be published daily from 20 to 30 November. Verify.
Cap 3 – Was the Portuguese colonialist racially tolerant?
In January 1726, the king of Portugal forbade the authorities of Captain Minas Gerais from admitting mestizos to the elective offices of ordinary judges or advisers. His text sheds light on one of the most persistent myths of Portuguese colonization, according to which the Portuguese would be more tolerant than other European colonialists towards the non-white population under their dominion.
The resolution said that “the lack of capable people made it necessary to tolerate the admission of mulattoes to the performance of these positions,” but, having eliminated this reason (the absence of “capable people”, that is, “white people”), it is “indecent for them to be busy people with such a defect, “and condemns the fact that” not a single mulatto within the four degrees in which mulatto is an obstacle enters into the administration of the villages of this captaincy. “
The resolution reiterated another, adopted last year, in which the Lisbon Overseas Council responded to complaints from colonists in Brazil that admitting mulattoes to municipal offices was “indecent.” And he warned the villagers to have offspring who were not “infectious, inferior and unclean,” a recommendation that was very difficult to follow given the small number of white women living in the colony.
The purpose of official attempts of this kind was to strengthen the mechanisms of domination in a society where class divisions, in general terms, corresponded to racial division. During the colonial period, “blood purity” was an official requirement for anyone intending to hold public office, participate in secular religious fraternities (which were extremely important in symbolic ritual of power) or in militias or auxiliary military regiments. Each racial group – whites, blacks, mulattoes, Indians – must have their own fraternities or regiments that do not mix ethnically. In 1765, for example, the statute of the Third Order of San Francisco de Vila Rica prohibited the admission of “mulattoes, Jews, Moors and heretics or their descendants to the fourth generation.”
This type of demand has deep roots in the history of Portugal, whose public law has always been restrictive from this point of view. The prohibition of inter-ethnic marriages was in effect until April 1755, when the Marquis de Pombal decided – for strategic reasons due to the lack of men to defend the colonial territory – to encourage marriage between whites and Indians, declaring that they “have no right.” a shame “.
Anyone who thinks this means an end to prejudice or blood purity claims, even without an official character, after Pombal’s decision is mistaken. More than fifty years later, in the early 19th century, racial prejudice retained its strength, which it never lost. This is evidenced by José Arusha de Toledo Rendón’s comment on the statistics of São Paulo: “Looking at the statistical maps of the province of São Paulo, you can find a large number of whites. But this is not so: most of them are mestizos, descended from a large number of pagans who inhabited this province and did not have the misfortune to stay in the villages. ” And that “when drawing up the lists they are asked by the corporal and the ordinance officers, they declare that they are white.”
The assertion that the Portuguese displayed racial tolerance is one of the features of Brazilian conservative thought, and it was defended by Gilberto Freire, for whom the Portuguese maintained secular contacts with the Arabs who dominated the south of his country. this attitude is more favorable to the non-white population, in addition to the propensity for cohabitation and respect for the mestizos.
“The peculiar predisposition of the Portuguese to hybrid and slave colonization of the tropics largely explains their ethnic or, rather, the cultural past of an undefined people between Europe and Africa,” while African influence “boils under the Europeans and causes a sharp burn.” to sex life, food, religion, ”and“ Europe rules, but does not rule: rather, it rules Africa, ”he wrote in Casa Grande e Senzala.
Thus, Freire thought, the Portuguese would be “much more miscible than other Europeans,” and Brazil “was formed, its colonialists did not care about the unity or purity of the race.”
Even a cursory study of the history of colonization shows that this opinion is incorrect. British historian Charles Boxer, one of the most prominent foreign scholars on the history of Brazil and Portuguese colonization in the world, explored this issue for the entire Portuguese territory in The Portuguese Maritime Empire – 1415-1825 (first published in 1969), where the chapters Purity Blood and Infected Races, he showed how the demand for white and Catholic supremacy pervaded all official documentation and private correspondence of the Portuguese throughout the centuries, until the last quarter of the 18th century. He details the restrictions on non-whites in government or ecclesiastical positions in Africa, India, Brazil and Portugal. “The severity of racial discrimination in the Portuguese Empire, especially against blacks,” he wrote, “was demonstrated by Pombal’s“ inability to bring about the formation of local clergy in East Africa ”to such an extent that almost two hundred years later, in 1954, Father Alcantara Guerreiro noted that the first local priest in Mozambique had not yet been ordained.
In Brazil, as we have seen, these requirements were officially in force until the time of Pombal, and in popular prejudice – much later, when the requirements for admission to the military, municipal administration and craft corporations remained.
But due to a shortage of people who did not have “such shortcomings”, as stated in the royal ordinance of 1726, layoffs were frequent, and they were preceded by lengthy processes. “Originally, racial disqualification was limited to individuals of Jewish, Moorish and heretic descent who dealt with both religious and racial prejudice; but since the early 17th century, specific discrimination against blacks and mulattoes has been legalized because of the close connection between human slavery and black blood, ”says Boxer. And even the presence of regiments of blacks and Indians, such as the regiments of Enrique Diaz and Felipe Camarao, does not support the thesis of the absence of prejudice. They were freed and attained the degree of knighthood in the Order of Christ for their services in the fight against the Dutch occupation in the 17th century, but the military corps they founded strictly respected the racial divisions that then existed.
Catia de Queiros Mattosu was another scholar who discovered limitations that contradict the Portuguese colonialist’s tolerance thesis. In Being a Slave in Brazil, she reported that even free ex-slaves, mulattos or blacks, Africans or Creoles (blacks born in Brazil) were not full citizens, but “there were always the forros, whose rights they were “Very limited in legal terms”, with a number of restrictions that deprived them of “the full exercise of their political rights.” A person could, for example, serve in the army, navy or national guard, but only as a soldier, without direct access to any command post – even after gaining independence.
The observation of this legal racism, now called institutional, contradicts the countless reports of resistance to the law, documented by several captains, especially in Minas Gerais, where opposition to discrimination against mestizo was widespread in the 17th century. But this resistance should not be confused with the friendliness of the colonialist, who always envied his privileges as a white man, which, according to popular belief, was attributed to every person of European descent, nobility and privileged position in relation to non-whites from Colony – mostly mestizo, whom the colonial authorities consider ” internal enemies, ”as defined by the governor of Minas Gerais in 1736, including fugitive slaves, freed blacks, Mamluks and slaves.
If there was resistance to racism, it came from the Brazilian people, who were then forming and who – in the course of confrontation with the authorities and the definitions of the metropolis – realized the divergence of interests, which even manifested itself in the understanding that the need for “purity” of “blood” when filling municipal positions in the Colony were a way to distance Brazilians from the few lines of power to which they had access.
In Vila Rica itself, for example, councilors have resisted the decisions of the Metropolis, arguing “the collective belief that the application of the law depends on proven ability and not on the chance of birth,” says historian ADR. Russell Wood.
Historical research shows that this is more than proof of the alleged tolerance of the Portuguese colonialist, it is the assertion of people who arose, mestizo and faced the racist prejudices of the dominants of the time, and which led to racial attitudes and prejudices that accompanied them to go their own way. way in our country.
Brazilian Portuguese Text
Exclusively for the editorial board PV / Tornado
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Acrylic nails are a popular choice for those looking to add length, strength, and style to their natural nails. Whether you’re new to the world of acrylics or a seasoned nail enthusiast, there are always questions that arise about the application, maintenance, and overall care of these enhancements. This guide will answer all your acrylic nail questions to ensure your next manicure is a complete success.
What Are Acrylic Nails?
Acrylic nails are artificial nail enhancements made from a mixture of liquid monomer and powder polymer. When combined, they form a hard protective layer that can be molded into various shapes and lengths. Once hardened, they provide a durable and long-lasting canvas for nail polish, art, or simply a natural look. For more in-depth information, check out Acrylic Nail FAQs to get all the details you need before your next salon visit.
How Are Acrylic Nails Applied?
The application process of acrylic nails begins with the preparation of your natural nails. The nail technician will clean your nails, file them down, and apply a bonding agent to help the acrylic adhere. The acrylic mixture is then applied in thin layers, sculpted to the desired shape, and allowed to dry. Once set, the nails are filed, shaped, and buffed to a smooth finish.
Acrylic nails can be customized in terms of length and shape, making them a versatile choice for anyone looking to enhance their look.
How Long Do Acrylic Nails Last?
Typically, acrylic nails can last anywhere from two to three weeks before requiring a fill. During a fill, the nail technician will replace any grown-out acrylic and maintain the structure of the nails. With proper care, acrylic nails can be worn for extended periods, but it’s essential to give your natural nails a break occasionally to maintain nail health.
How Do You Care for Acrylic Nails?
Caring for acrylic nails is crucial to ensuring they last as long as possible and that your natural nails remain healthy underneath. Here are some essential tips:
- Avoid excessive water exposure: Prolonged exposure to water can weaken acrylic nails, making them prone to lifting or damage. When washing dishes or cleaning, consider wearing gloves to protect your nails.
- Moisturize cuticles regularly: The acrylic application process can sometimes dry out your cuticles. Regularly apply cuticle oil to keep your cuticles hydrated and prevent hangnails.
- Be gentle with your nails: Acrylics can be strong, but they’re not indestructible. Avoid using your nails as tools to open packages or scrape things, as this can lead to breakage.
- Schedule regular fills: As your natural nails grow, gaps will appear between the acrylic and your cuticles. Regular fills ensure your nails maintain a smooth, polished look and help prevent lifting.
How Do You Remove Acrylic Nails Safely?
Proper removal is crucial to avoid damaging your natural nails. It’s highly recommended to have acrylics removed by a professional at the salon. However, if you prefer to remove them at home, follow these steps:
- Soak in acetone: Start by soaking a cotton ball in acetone, then place it on each nail. Wrap your fingers in aluminum foil and allow the acetone to work for about 20 minutes.
- Gently scrape off the acrylic: After soaking, use a cuticle pusher or an orange stick to gently scrape off the softened acrylic. Be patient and avoid forcing the acrylic off, as this can damage your natural nails.
- Buff and moisturize: Once the acrylic is completely removed, buff your natural nails to smooth out any rough spots and apply cuticle oil to restore moisture.
Are Acrylic Nails Safe for Your Natural Nails?
When applied and removed properly, acrylic nails should not cause significant damage to your natural nails. However, improper removal or overuse without giving your nails time to breathe can lead to thinning, weakening, or breakage of your natural nails.
If you plan on wearing acrylic nails long-term, it’s a good idea to take breaks between applications and ensure you’re nourishing your nails with oils and treatments.
What Are the Best Acrylic Nail Shapes?
Choosing the right nail shape is essential for creating a look that complements your hands. Some of the most popular acrylic nail shapes include:
– Square: A straight-edged, classic look perfect for shorter nails.
– Oval: A soft, rounded shape that elongates the fingers.
– Coffin: Also known as ballerina shape, this trendy look features a tapered edge with a flat tip.
– Stiletto: A dramatic, pointy shape ideal for those who want a bold statement.
Each shape offers a unique aesthetic and can be tailored to suit your personal style.
Are There Any Alternatives to Acrylic Nails?
If you’re looking for a different type of nail enhancement, consider these alternatives:
– Gel nails: Gel nails offer a glossy finish and are cured under UV or LED light. They’re less rigid than acrylics and can feel more natural.
– Dip powder: This method involves dipping the nails into a colored powder and sealing them with a clear coat. It provides a similar look to acrylics but is generally less damaging to the natural nails.
Conclusion
Acrylic nails are a versatile and durable option for achieving customized, beautiful nails. By understanding the application process, knowing how to care for them, and safely removing them, you can enjoy long-lasting manicures that enhance your style. With the ability to choose from a variety of shapes and designs, acrylic nails offer endless possibilities for self-expression. Remember to take care of your natural nails in between applications to keep them healthy and strong. Whether you’re a first-time user or a seasoned pro, acrylic nails can be a fantastic way to express your personality and keep your nails looking flawless for weeks.
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When sanctions were imposed on Russia for its war against Ukraine, their objectives were twofold: to reduce Russian military capacity by limiting modern weapons and to lower Russian revenue streams. While in the beginning, the sanctions indeed weakened the Russian economy, they have fallen short of their initial objectives – mostly because Russia has found ways to circumvent many of them. The Kremlin has exploited international corruption, relied on foreign third parties, and utilized loopholes in trade restrictions. One such individual who allegedly provides services to Russian-linked companies is Jacqueline Troost Omvlee, a Geneva-based Dutch citizen.
Jacqueline Troost Omvlee is married to Niels Troost, an oil trader sanctioned by the United Kingdom. He and his company, Paramount Energy & Commodities SA, are among the 50 individuals and organizations blacklisted in response to the business connections with Russia. His wife, Jacqueline, helps to facilitate financial transactions for Niles Troost and Russian oligarchs including Gennady Timchenko, a Russian billionaire oil trader and Putin`s close associate.
Gennady Timchenko and his family have been sanctioned in many countries for backing the Kremlin’s war machine. However, with the help of Jacqueline Troost Omvlee, he seems to find ways to evade sanctions and continue his financial operations. In these illegal schemes, individuals like Jacqueline often serve as a front person for sanctioned oligarchs and their business assets. Russian-linked companies set up subsidiaries around the world, often registering new entities in offshore havens or countries where regulations are relatively lax or non-existent. To obfuscate the arrangements, the daughter companies spawn offspring in the form of subsidiaries, as the chain of concealment stretches on and on. The result is like a giant Matryoshka doll.
Jacqueline’s involvement in financial transactions that potentially support Timchenko’s interests raises significant concerns about the efficacy of Western sanctions. The fact that Jacqueline Troost Omvlee continues to operate without facing sanctions herself highlights a significant loophole in the enforcement mechanism. Various shady schemes and tactics designed to circumvent sanctions often hide the activity of individuals such as Jacqueline, making it difficult for authorities to detect and punish them for their involvement.
Jacqueline Troost Omvlee’s role in her husband’s financial dealings as well as her alleged ties to Russian business schemes, emphasizes the need for stronger international sanctions. Her actions not only aid in sanctions evasion but also diminish the overall effectiveness of the measures designed to isolate and pressure those supporting the Russian regime. Therefore, sanctioning Jacqueline Troost Omvlee is not only a matter of addressing her individual actions but also a necessary step to reinforce the credibility and effectiveness of the sanctions regime. By targeting individuals who play a key role in evading sanctions, authorities can send a strong message that efforts to undermine international sanctions will not go unpunished. This measure is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the sanctions system and ensuring that it achieves its intended goal of isolating and restraining those who support destabilizing activities.
European countries and the US need to expand their sanctions-tracking and investigative actions to improve the monitoring of sanctions compliance and to introduce new measures against systematic violators of law. The sanctioning states have the resources and capacity for this, and need to take action now.
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Ensuring a long and healthy life for your Hermann’s Tortoise requires a combination of proper care, nutrition, and habitat management. Hermann’s Tortoises, known for their charming personalities and distinctive shells, can live for several decades with the right conditions. Understanding their needs and providing a suitable environment is key to helping them thrive. Here’s how you can support your Hermann’s Tortoise in living a long, happy life.
Creating an Optimal Habitat
One of the most critical factors in promoting the longevity of your Hermann’s Tortoise is the creation of a suitable habitat. Providing an environment that mimics their natural surroundings is essential for their overall health. An appropriate habitat helps prevent stress and supports their well-being. For detailed guidance on setting up an ideal habitat, including specific requirements for outdoor enclosures, visit this comprehensive guide on Habitat for Hermann’s Tortoise.
- Outdoor Enclosure: Hermann’s Tortoises thrive in outdoor enclosures that provide ample space to roam, bask, and forage. An outdoor setup should include a secure, predator-proof area with access to natural sunlight. Incorporate areas for basking and shade to allow the tortoise to regulate its body temperature. Additionally, include plants, rocks, and hiding spots to simulate their natural habitat and encourage natural behaviors.
- Indoor Habitat: If an outdoor enclosure is not feasible, an indoor habitat can also support a long lifespan if set up correctly. Use a large, well-ventilated enclosure with appropriate heating and UVB lighting. Provide a substrate that allows for burrowing and offer various hiding spots and enrichment items.
Diet and Nutrition
A balanced diet is vital for maintaining the health and longevity of your Hermann’s Tortoise. They are primarily herbivores, and their diet should reflect their natural feeding habits.
- Leafy Greens: Offer a variety of leafy greens such as kale, collard greens, and dandelion greens. These vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals that support overall health.
- Vegetables and Fruits: Supplement their diet with other vegetables like carrots, squash, and bell peppers. Fruits should be given in moderation due to their high sugar content.
- Calcium and Supplements: Provide a calcium supplement to support shell and bone health. A cuttlebone or powdered calcium can be added to their food. Ensure that they also have access to fresh, clean water at all times.
Regular Health Checks
Routine health checks are essential for early detection of potential health issues. Regular veterinary visits help ensure your tortoise remains in optimal condition and addresses any health concerns promptly.
- Observation: Monitor your tortoise’s behavior and physical condition regularly. Changes in appetite, weight, or activity level can indicate health problems.
- Preventative Care: Schedule annual check-ups with a veterinarian experienced in reptile care. Regular exams help catch any issues early and keep vaccinations and other preventative treatments up to date.
Environmental Enrichment
Providing environmental enrichment helps keep your Hermann’s Tortoise mentally stimulated and active. Enrichment can reduce stress and prevent boredom, contributing to a better quality of life.
- Foraging Opportunities: Hide food items around the enclosure to encourage natural foraging behavior. This not only provides mental stimulation but also mimics their natural hunting practices.
- Variety: Change the layout of their enclosure periodically and introduce new objects or plants to keep their environment interesting and engaging.
Conclusion
By focusing on creating the right habitat, providing a balanced diet, ensuring regular health checks, and offering environmental enrichment, you can significantly enhance the lifespan and well-being of your Hermann’s Tortoise. For further details on creating an ideal habitat, including tips for designing an outdoor enclosure, refer to this helpful guide on Habitat for Hermann’s Tortoise. Implementing these practices will help ensure that your tortoise enjoys a long, healthy life.
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