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David Julius and Ardem Pataputyan received the Nobel Prize in Medicine

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According to the Nobel Committee, “their discoveries made it possible to understand heat, cold and mechanical force that can initiate nerve impulses that allow us to perceive and adapt to the world.”

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“This knowledge is being used to develop treatments for a wide range of diseases, including chronic pain,” adds the Nobel Committee.

Scientists working at centers in California have discovered a thermal sensation mechanism with pores in the brain that trigger pain sensations and protective motor reflexes.

Our ability to feel warmth, cold, and touch is essential to survival and is at the heart of our interactions with the world around us. In everyday life, we take these sensations for granted, but how are nerve impulses excited so that we can feel the temperature and pressure? This issue has been resolved by this year’s Nobel laureates, ”says the Nobel Prize Awarding Committee.

David Julius, a 65-year-old professor at the University of California, used capsaicin, the active ingredient in pepper that makes it hot, causing a burning sensation, to identify a sensor in the nerve endings of the skin that reacts to heat.

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Ardem Pataputyan was born in Beirut, Lebanon in 1967, but moved to the United States as a young man and now works as a scientist at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. He used pressure-sensitive cells to discover a new class of sensors that respond to mechanical stimuli in the skin and organs.

Last year, the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to three scientists for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus.

History of the Nobel Prizes

Alfred Nobel was the Swedish scientist and industrialist responsible for the Nobel Prize Initiative, which recognizes individuals or institutions for their discoveries or outstanding contributions to various fields.

In 1985, a year before his death, Alfred Nobel defined this initiative in his will.

According to the terms of the will, about SEK 31.5 million, which is today the equivalent of SEK 2.2 billion (€ 203 million), was allocated to a kind of fund, the share of which was redistributed annually “among those who have provided the greatest services to humanity during the year. “.

The will stipulated that the interest on the invested capital would be distributed between the author of the most important discovery or invention of the year in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, as well as the most outstanding literary work inspired by idealists.

The last part can be attributed to the person who, to a greater or greater extent, contributed to the “rapprochement of peoples.”

The awards ceremony is held annually on December 10, on the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel.

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Vladimir Putin has delayed the invasion of Ukraine at least three times.

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Putin has repeatedly consulted with Russian Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu about the invasion, Europa Press told Ukraine’s chief intelligence director Vadim Skibitsky.

According to Skibitsky, it was the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), which is responsible for counterintelligence and espionage work, that put pressure on Gerasimov and other military agencies to agree to launch an offensive. .

However, according to the Ukrainian intelligence services, the FSB considered that by the end of February sufficient preparations had already been made to guarantee the success of the Russian Armed Forces in a lightning invasion.

However, according to Kyiv, the Russian General Staff provided the Russian troops with supplies and ammunition for only three days, hoping that the offensive would be swift and immediately successful.

The head of Ukrainian intelligence also emphasized the cooperation of local residents, who always provided the Ukrainian authorities with up-to-date information about the Russian army, such as the number of soldiers or the exact location of troops.

The military offensive launched on February 24 by Russia in Ukraine caused at least 6.5 million internally displaced persons and more than 7.8 million refugees to European countries, which is why the UN classifies this migration crisis as the worst in Europe since World War II (1939-1945). gg.). ).

At the moment, 17.7 million Ukrainians are in need of humanitarian assistance, and 9.3 million are in need of food aid and housing.

The UN has presented as confirmed 6,755 civilian deaths and 10,607 wounded since the beginning of the war, stressing that these figures are much lower than the real ones.

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Life sentence for former Swedish official for spying for Russia

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A Stockholm court on Monday sentenced a former Swedish intelligence officer to life in prison for spying for Russia, and his brother to at least 12 years in prison. In what is considered one of the most serious cases in Swedish counterintelligence history, much of the trial took place behind closed doors in the name of national security.

According to the prosecution, it was Russian military intelligence, the GRU, who took advantage of the information provided by the two brothers between 2011 and their arrest at the end of 2021.

Peyman Kia, 42, has held many senior positions in the Swedish security apparatus, including the army and his country’s intelligence services (Säpo). His younger brother, Payam, 35, is accused of “participating in the planning” of the plot and of “managing contacts with Russia and the GRU, including passing on information and receiving financial rewards.”

Both men deny the charges, and their lawyers have demanded an acquittal on charges of “aggravated espionage,” according to the Swedish news agency TT.

The trial coincides with another case of alleged Russian espionage, with the arrest of the Russian-born couple in late November in a suburb of Stockholm by a police team arriving at dawn in a Blackhawk helicopter.

Research website Bellingcat identified them as Sergei Skvortsov and Elena Kulkova. The couple allegedly acted as sleeper agents for Moscow, having moved to Sweden in the late 1990s.

According to Swedish press reports, the couple ran companies specializing in the import and export of electronic components and industrial technology.

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The man was again detained at the end of November for “illegal intelligence activities.” His partner, suspected of being an accomplice, has been released but remains under investigation.

According to Swedish authorities, the arrests are not related to the trial of the Kia brothers.

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Ukraine admitted that Russia may announce a general mobilization

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“They can strengthen their positions. We understand that this can happen. At the same time, we do not rule out that they will announce a general mobilization,” Danilov said in an interview with the Ukrainska Pravda online publication.

Danilov believed that this mobilization would also be convened “to exterminate as many as possible” of Russian citizens, so that “they would no longer have any problems on their territory.”

In this sense, Danilov also reminded that Russia has not given up on securing control over Kyiv or the idea of ​​the complete “destruction” of Ukraine. “We have to be ready for anything,” he said.

“I want everyone to understand that [os russos] they have not given up on the idea of ​​destroying our nation. If they don’t have Kyiv in their hands, they won’t have anything in their hands, we must understand this,” continued Danilov, who also did not rule out that a new Russian offensive would come from “Belarus and other territories.” .

As such, Danilov praised the decision of many of its residents who chose to stay in the Ukrainian capital when the war broke out in order to defend the city.

“They expected that there would be panic, that people would run, that there would be nothing to protect Kyiv,” he added, referring to President Volodymyr Zelensky.

The military offensive launched on February 24 by Russia in Ukraine caused at least 6.5 million internally displaced persons and more than 7.8 million refugees to European countries, which is why the UN classifies this migration crisis as the worst in Europe since World War II (1939-1945). gg.). ).

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At the moment, 17.7 million Ukrainians are in need of humanitarian assistance, and 9.3 million are in need of food aid and housing.

The Russian invasion, justified by Russian President Vladimir Putin on the need to “denazify” and demilitarize Ukraine for Russia’s security, was condemned by the international community at large, which responded by sending weapons to Ukraine and imposing political and economic sanctions on Russia.

The UN has presented as confirmed 6,755 civilian deaths and 10,607 wounded since the beginning of the war, stressing that these figures are much lower than the real ones.

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