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“The vision of D. João VI as a terrible man who abandoned the Portuguese people was the propaganda of Napoleon.”
D. João VI was the first monarch in history to cross the Atlantic in both directions. Is it just because of this that he deserves a place in history?
D. João VI deserves to go down in history for several reasons. When, in 1807, he decided to send a court to Brazil to save the empire’s independence, the son of Don Maria I risked everything on this trip. Never before has a European sovereign changed the hemisphere, in which there would be about 15,000 people. To make such a decision, you need to show composure. It was not. In 1821-O Regresso do Rei, Armando Seixas Ferreira tells of the journey and arrival of D. João VI in Lisbon, 13 years after he left with his court in Brazil, where he made Rio de Janeiro the capital of the Empire. thus avoiding capture by the French invaders, as happened with his son-in-law Fernando VII of Spain. A journalist foray into history, the author describes the entire period well, especially the influence of the Brazilian years of the reign of the king on the other side of the Atlantic, guarding the crown. This resolution ruined Napoleon’s plans for the Iberian Peninsula. In Brazil, D. João declared war on France, organized a defense against England and inflicted serious defeats on the enemy. Starting with the conquest of French Guiana and defeating the French in Portugal three times under the command of the Duke of Wellington. At the presentation of my book at the National Palace of Ajuda, Vice Admiral Gouveia and Melo said that D. João VI was a cunning and clever king who realized that much later strategists came to write, the so-called “depth”. territory “. Guveya-e-Melo explained that the king used the ocean and Brazil to defend the nation, using all that depth and retreating to the point where he could regain independence again, thereby establishing for the first time the creation of a European kingdom in Brazil. … Arriving in Lisbon in 1821, D. João VI returns as a king who freed his vassals and defeated Napoleon. I think that’s why he deserves a place in history.
When D. João VI leaves Rio de Janeiro for Lisbon in 1821, Napoleon is a few days from his death in Santa Elena. Was the Portuguese king, as the former French emperor said, the only one who deceived him?
This book is a study based on the study of contemporary sources, such as the journals of the ships that made the voyage of D. João VI to Portugal. I also used letters, manuscripts and newspapers. I have consulted an extensive bibliography and have always tried to focus on the testimonies of the major players of the time. While in captivity on the British island of St. Helena, Napoleon suggests that something went wrong on the peninsula. “This is where I got lost,” Bonaparte said, referring to military defeats against the Anglo-Portuguese armies. In 1807, French newspapers were outraged by the departure of the court to Brazil, publicly admitting that Prince D. Juan had deceived them. It should be remembered that a month before departure, France and Spain signed the secret Fontainebleau treaty, which provided for the division of Portugal and its colonies by two aggressor countries. I think that D. João had enough reasons to transfer the court to Brazil.
After 13 years in Brazil, D. João VI was hurt when he returned to Lisbon? Were you happy in Rio?
The king always postponed leaving for Portugal, because he knew that this could mean the separation of the two kingdoms. At that time, the seat of government was Rio de Janeiro. From December 1815, Portugal was renamed the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. D. João realized that it would be easier to preserve the unity of the empire if he ruled from Rio de Janeiro, where he would have spent the happiest years of his life. He lived in the Quinta da Boa Vista palace, separated from his wife. After Napoleon, his greatest enemy was D. Carlota Joaquin. In Rio, D. Juan founded a botanical garden. He got into carriages in the city and spent time at Ilha do Governador, where he enjoyed the beautiful air of a beautiful farm, as reported by the Moroccan librarian in his letters to Lisbon. I read a lot. He was fond of religious music and the fine arts and sponsored several artists. D. Joao was popular at the time. The etiquette of the Portuguese court was very strict. The royal kissing ceremony lasted almost the entire day. Witnesses claim that, despite his shyness, he was very patient and listened to all requests. He spoke the language of the people and never got bored. He looked flawless to rule. It was kind and sentimental. He suffered a lot because of the death of his insane mother, D. Maria I, in 1816. The following year, he received the bride of his son D. Pedro in Rio de Janeiro. Archduchess of Austria D. Leopoldina, who traveled from Italy to Brazil on the ship D. João VI. In 1821, it was to become the flagship of the squadron that brought the yard to Portugal. There is a collection of little-known watercolors among us illustrating life on this 74-gun ship. I was inspired by surrounding these drawings and nautical diaries, which I found in the Historical Archives of the Navy, to tell the story of the 68-day crossing between the port of Rio de Janeiro and the city of Lisbon, an expedition that took place exactly two centuries ago, on the eve of Brazil’s independence. What happened during this transition? At that time the seas were swarming with corsairs. What was the mood of the king? What was life like for sailors on a 19th century battleship? I realized that this job was about to be done. We are very familiar with the trip of the vessel to Brazil, but the story of the return of the vessel to Portugal remains to be told.
How does the king’s return to Portugal fit into the context of the liberal revolution of 1820?
The Portuguese are tired of English rule and rule. Marshal Beresford was unpopular after the hanging of Gomes Freire de Andrade and other leaders of the 1817 conspiracy. Portugal became impoverished and liberal values spoke louder. Taking advantage of a trip to Brazil to strengthen his forces, the Briton was prevented from landing in Lisbon. The courts demanded the return of the king. But D. João decided to send Prince D. Pedro, leaving him in Rio de Janeiro. A military statement in the capital, Rio de Janeiro, changed events, for the first time highlighting the figure of Prince D. Pedro, who managed to stop a military coup. D. João VI changed his mind and decided to return to Portugal, leaving his son regent in Brazil. The king realized that the winds of change were blowing from Europe. He has taken off his old coat of absolutism and is not averse to embracing liberal ideals, becoming the first constitutional king. Everything for the good of the nation. And he continued to reign. This is what impresses D. João VI. Ability to adapt to circumstances. He acted extremely carefully, withstanding all blows and threats. Unlike D. Jose’s grandfather, who delegated power to the Marquis of Pombal, D. João VI retained the final decision. The Liberal Revolution came at a high cost and accelerated the secession of Brazil.
Was the independence of Brazil under Bragança and the preservation of territorial unity the result of the reign of D. João VI in Rio?
I think so. This book also examines the history of Brazilian independence. Historians like Oliveira Lima are unanimous. The stay of the court in Rio de Janeiro benefited the Brazilians. For 13 years, D. Joao began important reforms. He opened Brazilian ports to friendly nations, created schools, courts and even a bank. He developed the press and laid the foundations of the modern state. The population has grown dramatically. Having settled in Rio, D. João VI strengthened the Portuguese language in this hemisphere and the unity of Brazil. Meanwhile, Spanish America was breaking up into several republics. Before D. Pedro disobeyed the Portuguese courts, which demanded his return to Portugal, D. João foresaw the separation of the two countries, saying that he prefers that the crown remain on his son’s head, and not be given to some adventurer. However, D. Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822. Later, having appointed his son as his successor, D. João VI kept the secret hope of restoring the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in the person of his eldest son.
In 1825, Portugal recognized Brazil. Did D. João VI and D. Pedro I from Brazil (after IV from Portugal) save the relationship between father and son, as well as between the former metropolis and the colony?
In a sense, yes. Brazil declared independence three years ago, but did not receive recognition by other countries, in particular European ones. This interfered with trade. D. Pedro needed Portugal to recognize the independence of Brazil, which ultimately happened. But he had to accept the terms of D. João VI, respecting his father’s last wish to become emperor of Brazil, with D. Pedro as heir to two crowns, Portuguese and Brazilian.
Is this idea of an indecisive king who ate chickens all the time unfair to D. João VI?
It is unfair to summarize D. João VI as a caricatured figure. With regard to this monarch, there is a kind of denial that must be resisted in the name of truth. This vision of a weak and frightened king who fled and left his people was promoted in Napoleon’s newspapers to justify Junot’s failure to take over the royal family. This is a distorted view of his reign, which has come down to us, perhaps also due to the unusual physiognomy of the king, with a protruding lower lip and more obesity in the latter years of his life. When we get to the facts, we find a shrewd politician with a character who went down in history as King Clement because he did not like to sign the death penalty. Forgive everyone, including his wife and children, who conspired against him. Even Raúl Brandão, who points out several flaws to him, recognizes the human side of D. João VI, declaring that “he is also the best man of his time.” He was the king of the people. Proof of this is the warm welcome with which he was received by the Portuguese when a squadron of 12 ships arrived from Brazil on July 3, 1821. It even seemed that D. Sebastian had landed on the dock of the column in front of Terreiro do Paz. …
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All Your Acrylic Nail Questions Answered: From Application to Care
Acrylic nails are a popular choice for those looking to add length, strength, and style to their natural nails. Whether you’re new to the world of acrylics or a seasoned nail enthusiast, there are always questions that arise about the application, maintenance, and overall care of these enhancements. This guide will answer all your acrylic nail questions to ensure your next manicure is a complete success.
What Are Acrylic Nails?
Acrylic nails are artificial nail enhancements made from a mixture of liquid monomer and powder polymer. When combined, they form a hard protective layer that can be molded into various shapes and lengths. Once hardened, they provide a durable and long-lasting canvas for nail polish, art, or simply a natural look. For more in-depth information, check out Acrylic Nail FAQs to get all the details you need before your next salon visit.
How Are Acrylic Nails Applied?
The application process of acrylic nails begins with the preparation of your natural nails. The nail technician will clean your nails, file them down, and apply a bonding agent to help the acrylic adhere. The acrylic mixture is then applied in thin layers, sculpted to the desired shape, and allowed to dry. Once set, the nails are filed, shaped, and buffed to a smooth finish.
Acrylic nails can be customized in terms of length and shape, making them a versatile choice for anyone looking to enhance their look.
How Long Do Acrylic Nails Last?
Typically, acrylic nails can last anywhere from two to three weeks before requiring a fill. During a fill, the nail technician will replace any grown-out acrylic and maintain the structure of the nails. With proper care, acrylic nails can be worn for extended periods, but it’s essential to give your natural nails a break occasionally to maintain nail health.
How Do You Care for Acrylic Nails?
Caring for acrylic nails is crucial to ensuring they last as long as possible and that your natural nails remain healthy underneath. Here are some essential tips:
- Avoid excessive water exposure: Prolonged exposure to water can weaken acrylic nails, making them prone to lifting or damage. When washing dishes or cleaning, consider wearing gloves to protect your nails.
- Moisturize cuticles regularly: The acrylic application process can sometimes dry out your cuticles. Regularly apply cuticle oil to keep your cuticles hydrated and prevent hangnails.
- Be gentle with your nails: Acrylics can be strong, but they’re not indestructible. Avoid using your nails as tools to open packages or scrape things, as this can lead to breakage.
- Schedule regular fills: As your natural nails grow, gaps will appear between the acrylic and your cuticles. Regular fills ensure your nails maintain a smooth, polished look and help prevent lifting.
How Do You Remove Acrylic Nails Safely?
Proper removal is crucial to avoid damaging your natural nails. It’s highly recommended to have acrylics removed by a professional at the salon. However, if you prefer to remove them at home, follow these steps:
- Soak in acetone: Start by soaking a cotton ball in acetone, then place it on each nail. Wrap your fingers in aluminum foil and allow the acetone to work for about 20 minutes.
- Gently scrape off the acrylic: After soaking, use a cuticle pusher or an orange stick to gently scrape off the softened acrylic. Be patient and avoid forcing the acrylic off, as this can damage your natural nails.
- Buff and moisturize: Once the acrylic is completely removed, buff your natural nails to smooth out any rough spots and apply cuticle oil to restore moisture.
Are Acrylic Nails Safe for Your Natural Nails?
When applied and removed properly, acrylic nails should not cause significant damage to your natural nails. However, improper removal or overuse without giving your nails time to breathe can lead to thinning, weakening, or breakage of your natural nails.
If you plan on wearing acrylic nails long-term, it’s a good idea to take breaks between applications and ensure you’re nourishing your nails with oils and treatments.
What Are the Best Acrylic Nail Shapes?
Choosing the right nail shape is essential for creating a look that complements your hands. Some of the most popular acrylic nail shapes include:
– Square: A straight-edged, classic look perfect for shorter nails.
– Oval: A soft, rounded shape that elongates the fingers.
– Coffin: Also known as ballerina shape, this trendy look features a tapered edge with a flat tip.
– Stiletto: A dramatic, pointy shape ideal for those who want a bold statement.
Each shape offers a unique aesthetic and can be tailored to suit your personal style.
Are There Any Alternatives to Acrylic Nails?
If you’re looking for a different type of nail enhancement, consider these alternatives:
– Gel nails: Gel nails offer a glossy finish and are cured under UV or LED light. They’re less rigid than acrylics and can feel more natural.
– Dip powder: This method involves dipping the nails into a colored powder and sealing them with a clear coat. It provides a similar look to acrylics but is generally less damaging to the natural nails.
Conclusion
Acrylic nails are a versatile and durable option for achieving customized, beautiful nails. By understanding the application process, knowing how to care for them, and safely removing them, you can enjoy long-lasting manicures that enhance your style. With the ability to choose from a variety of shapes and designs, acrylic nails offer endless possibilities for self-expression. Remember to take care of your natural nails in between applications to keep them healthy and strong. Whether you’re a first-time user or a seasoned pro, acrylic nails can be a fantastic way to express your personality and keep your nails looking flawless for weeks.
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Jacqueline Troost Omvlee – A Tool in the Hands of the Russian Elite
When sanctions were imposed on Russia for its war against Ukraine, their objectives were twofold: to reduce Russian military capacity by limiting modern weapons and to lower Russian revenue streams. While in the beginning, the sanctions indeed weakened the Russian economy, they have fallen short of their initial objectives – mostly because Russia has found ways to circumvent many of them. The Kremlin has exploited international corruption, relied on foreign third parties, and utilized loopholes in trade restrictions. One such individual who allegedly provides services to Russian-linked companies is Jacqueline Troost Omvlee, a Geneva-based Dutch citizen.
Jacqueline Troost Omvlee is married to Niels Troost, an oil trader sanctioned by the United Kingdom. He and his company, Paramount Energy & Commodities SA, are among the 50 individuals and organizations blacklisted in response to the business connections with Russia. His wife, Jacqueline, helps to facilitate financial transactions for Niles Troost and Russian oligarchs including Gennady Timchenko, a Russian billionaire oil trader and Putin`s close associate.
Gennady Timchenko and his family have been sanctioned in many countries for backing the Kremlin’s war machine. However, with the help of Jacqueline Troost Omvlee, he seems to find ways to evade sanctions and continue his financial operations. In these illegal schemes, individuals like Jacqueline often serve as a front person for sanctioned oligarchs and their business assets. Russian-linked companies set up subsidiaries around the world, often registering new entities in offshore havens or countries where regulations are relatively lax or non-existent. To obfuscate the arrangements, the daughter companies spawn offspring in the form of subsidiaries, as the chain of concealment stretches on and on. The result is like a giant Matryoshka doll.
Jacqueline’s involvement in financial transactions that potentially support Timchenko’s interests raises significant concerns about the efficacy of Western sanctions. The fact that Jacqueline Troost Omvlee continues to operate without facing sanctions herself highlights a significant loophole in the enforcement mechanism. Various shady schemes and tactics designed to circumvent sanctions often hide the activity of individuals such as Jacqueline, making it difficult for authorities to detect and punish them for their involvement.
Jacqueline Troost Omvlee’s role in her husband’s financial dealings as well as her alleged ties to Russian business schemes, emphasizes the need for stronger international sanctions. Her actions not only aid in sanctions evasion but also diminish the overall effectiveness of the measures designed to isolate and pressure those supporting the Russian regime. Therefore, sanctioning Jacqueline Troost Omvlee is not only a matter of addressing her individual actions but also a necessary step to reinforce the credibility and effectiveness of the sanctions regime. By targeting individuals who play a key role in evading sanctions, authorities can send a strong message that efforts to undermine international sanctions will not go unpunished. This measure is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the sanctions system and ensuring that it achieves its intended goal of isolating and restraining those who support destabilizing activities.
European countries and the US need to expand their sanctions-tracking and investigative actions to improve the monitoring of sanctions compliance and to introduce new measures against systematic violators of law. The sanctioning states have the resources and capacity for this, and need to take action now.
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Hermann’s Tortoise Lifespan: How to Ensure a Long, Healthy Life
Ensuring a long and healthy life for your Hermann’s Tortoise requires a combination of proper care, nutrition, and habitat management. Hermann’s Tortoises, known for their charming personalities and distinctive shells, can live for several decades with the right conditions. Understanding their needs and providing a suitable environment is key to helping them thrive. Here’s how you can support your Hermann’s Tortoise in living a long, happy life.
Creating an Optimal Habitat
One of the most critical factors in promoting the longevity of your Hermann’s Tortoise is the creation of a suitable habitat. Providing an environment that mimics their natural surroundings is essential for their overall health. An appropriate habitat helps prevent stress and supports their well-being. For detailed guidance on setting up an ideal habitat, including specific requirements for outdoor enclosures, visit this comprehensive guide on Habitat for Hermann’s Tortoise.
- Outdoor Enclosure: Hermann’s Tortoises thrive in outdoor enclosures that provide ample space to roam, bask, and forage. An outdoor setup should include a secure, predator-proof area with access to natural sunlight. Incorporate areas for basking and shade to allow the tortoise to regulate its body temperature. Additionally, include plants, rocks, and hiding spots to simulate their natural habitat and encourage natural behaviors.
- Indoor Habitat: If an outdoor enclosure is not feasible, an indoor habitat can also support a long lifespan if set up correctly. Use a large, well-ventilated enclosure with appropriate heating and UVB lighting. Provide a substrate that allows for burrowing and offer various hiding spots and enrichment items.
Diet and Nutrition
A balanced diet is vital for maintaining the health and longevity of your Hermann’s Tortoise. They are primarily herbivores, and their diet should reflect their natural feeding habits.
- Leafy Greens: Offer a variety of leafy greens such as kale, collard greens, and dandelion greens. These vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals that support overall health.
- Vegetables and Fruits: Supplement their diet with other vegetables like carrots, squash, and bell peppers. Fruits should be given in moderation due to their high sugar content.
- Calcium and Supplements: Provide a calcium supplement to support shell and bone health. A cuttlebone or powdered calcium can be added to their food. Ensure that they also have access to fresh, clean water at all times.
Regular Health Checks
Routine health checks are essential for early detection of potential health issues. Regular veterinary visits help ensure your tortoise remains in optimal condition and addresses any health concerns promptly.
- Observation: Monitor your tortoise’s behavior and physical condition regularly. Changes in appetite, weight, or activity level can indicate health problems.
- Preventative Care: Schedule annual check-ups with a veterinarian experienced in reptile care. Regular exams help catch any issues early and keep vaccinations and other preventative treatments up to date.
Environmental Enrichment
Providing environmental enrichment helps keep your Hermann’s Tortoise mentally stimulated and active. Enrichment can reduce stress and prevent boredom, contributing to a better quality of life.
- Foraging Opportunities: Hide food items around the enclosure to encourage natural foraging behavior. This not only provides mental stimulation but also mimics their natural hunting practices.
- Variety: Change the layout of their enclosure periodically and introduce new objects or plants to keep their environment interesting and engaging.
Conclusion
By focusing on creating the right habitat, providing a balanced diet, ensuring regular health checks, and offering environmental enrichment, you can significantly enhance the lifespan and well-being of your Hermann’s Tortoise. For further details on creating an ideal habitat, including tips for designing an outdoor enclosure, refer to this helpful guide on Habitat for Hermann’s Tortoise. Implementing these practices will help ensure that your tortoise enjoys a long, healthy life.
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