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The origin of the deadly Black Death may finally be revealed

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Peter Use of the Elderly/Wikimedia

The pandemic that wiped out a third of Europe’s population in the Middle Ages will start in Central Asia, more precisely in Kyrgyzstan.

Pandemics are not new. In the middle of the 14th century, the Black Death devastated the Middle Ages, being one of the deadliest pandemics, especially in Europe, where it is estimated that a third of the population was destroyed, and in Western Asia. For centuries, its origin has been a mystery that has puzzled scientists, but perhaps the mystery has finally come to an end.

new study published in Nature may have deciphered where the disease came from. The key is in the group 30 skeletons which were recovered from the graves in the Chui valley in northern Kyrgyzstan in the late 1880s, 130 years ago.

The plague was caused by bacteria Yersinia plague and scientists have been looking for its genome on the European continent for a long time. In a previous study where they compared genomes with the remains of victims of the disease, researchers Maria Spirow and Johannes Krause found that the second wave of the pandemic began in a village in Russia. Scientific Alert.

Other teams of scientists also said they found the first victim of the plague, who died in Latvia from infection with a less contagious variety of the bacterium. thousands of years before the pandemic began.

A new study by Spyrow and Krause now suggests that the plague originated in Central Asia, due to DNA evidence from the bodies of seven people taken from graves whose graves contained vague details about an unknown plague. Thus, the disease originates in Kyrgyzstan in the 1330s.

Spyrow adds that the team decided to analyze the teeth as they are. many blood vessels, giving researchers “an excellent opportunity to detect blood-borne pathogens that may have killed people.” Scientists have sequenced the genetic material of the teeth and compared it with modern and historical Y. pestis genomes.

Traces of ancient plague bacterium DNA were found in the teeth of three of the seven skeletons. The inscription of the date on the tombstones thus shows the exact year of these first deaths caused by the Black Death – 1338.

“Our research tackles one of the biggest and most fascinating questions in history and determines when and where most infamous and infamous killer human,” said Philip Slavin, a historian at the University of Stirling.

However, the study has some limitations such as small sample size. Archaeological finds are also usually inconclusive, and things could change if the remains of more plague victims who died even earlier are found.

Adriana Peixoto, ZAP //

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Vladimir Putin has delayed the invasion of Ukraine at least three times.

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Putin has repeatedly consulted with Russian Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu about the invasion, Europa Press told Ukraine’s chief intelligence director Vadim Skibitsky.

According to Skibitsky, it was the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), which is responsible for counterintelligence and espionage work, that put pressure on Gerasimov and other military agencies to agree to launch an offensive. .

However, according to the Ukrainian intelligence services, the FSB considered that by the end of February sufficient preparations had already been made to guarantee the success of the Russian Armed Forces in a lightning invasion.

However, according to Kyiv, the Russian General Staff provided the Russian troops with supplies and ammunition for only three days, hoping that the offensive would be swift and immediately successful.

The head of Ukrainian intelligence also emphasized the cooperation of local residents, who always provided the Ukrainian authorities with up-to-date information about the Russian army, such as the number of soldiers or the exact location of troops.

The military offensive launched on February 24 by Russia in Ukraine caused at least 6.5 million internally displaced persons and more than 7.8 million refugees to European countries, which is why the UN classifies this migration crisis as the worst in Europe since World War II (1939-1945). gg.). ).

At the moment, 17.7 million Ukrainians are in need of humanitarian assistance, and 9.3 million are in need of food aid and housing.

The UN has presented as confirmed 6,755 civilian deaths and 10,607 wounded since the beginning of the war, stressing that these figures are much lower than the real ones.

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Life sentence for former Swedish official for spying for Russia

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A Stockholm court on Monday sentenced a former Swedish intelligence officer to life in prison for spying for Russia, and his brother to at least 12 years in prison. In what is considered one of the most serious cases in Swedish counterintelligence history, much of the trial took place behind closed doors in the name of national security.

According to the prosecution, it was Russian military intelligence, the GRU, who took advantage of the information provided by the two brothers between 2011 and their arrest at the end of 2021.

Peyman Kia, 42, has held many senior positions in the Swedish security apparatus, including the army and his country’s intelligence services (Säpo). His younger brother, Payam, 35, is accused of “participating in the planning” of the plot and of “managing contacts with Russia and the GRU, including passing on information and receiving financial rewards.”

Both men deny the charges, and their lawyers have demanded an acquittal on charges of “aggravated espionage,” according to the Swedish news agency TT.

The trial coincides with another case of alleged Russian espionage, with the arrest of the Russian-born couple in late November in a suburb of Stockholm by a police team arriving at dawn in a Blackhawk helicopter.

Research website Bellingcat identified them as Sergei Skvortsov and Elena Kulkova. The couple allegedly acted as sleeper agents for Moscow, having moved to Sweden in the late 1990s.

According to Swedish press reports, the couple ran companies specializing in the import and export of electronic components and industrial technology.

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The man was again detained at the end of November for “illegal intelligence activities.” His partner, suspected of being an accomplice, has been released but remains under investigation.

According to Swedish authorities, the arrests are not related to the trial of the Kia brothers.

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Ukraine admitted that Russia may announce a general mobilization

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“They can strengthen their positions. We understand that this can happen. At the same time, we do not rule out that they will announce a general mobilization,” Danilov said in an interview with the Ukrainska Pravda online publication.

Danilov believed that this mobilization would also be convened “to exterminate as many as possible” of Russian citizens, so that “they would no longer have any problems on their territory.”

In this sense, Danilov also reminded that Russia has not given up on securing control over Kyiv or the idea of ​​the complete “destruction” of Ukraine. “We have to be ready for anything,” he said.

“I want everyone to understand that [os russos] they have not given up on the idea of ​​destroying our nation. If they don’t have Kyiv in their hands, they won’t have anything in their hands, we must understand this,” continued Danilov, who also did not rule out that a new Russian offensive would come from “Belarus and other territories.” .

As such, Danilov praised the decision of many of its residents who chose to stay in the Ukrainian capital when the war broke out in order to defend the city.

“They expected that there would be panic, that people would run, that there would be nothing to protect Kyiv,” he added, referring to President Volodymyr Zelensky.

The military offensive launched on February 24 by Russia in Ukraine caused at least 6.5 million internally displaced persons and more than 7.8 million refugees to European countries, which is why the UN classifies this migration crisis as the worst in Europe since World War II (1939-1945). gg.). ).

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At the moment, 17.7 million Ukrainians are in need of humanitarian assistance, and 9.3 million are in need of food aid and housing.

The Russian invasion, justified by Russian President Vladimir Putin on the need to “denazify” and demilitarize Ukraine for Russia’s security, was condemned by the international community at large, which responded by sending weapons to Ukraine and imposing political and economic sanctions on Russia.

The UN has presented as confirmed 6,755 civilian deaths and 10,607 wounded since the beginning of the war, stressing that these figures are much lower than the real ones.

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