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Human presence found in the Azores years before the arrival of the Portuguese

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Ebad notice, CIBIO-Azores explains that the study reconstructed the conditions in which the Azores were first settled and the impact of the human presence on the ecosystems of the archipelago.

One of the main findings of the investigation, published in the journal PNAS, is that The first evidence of human presence on the islands was discovered 700 years before the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century, namely on the island of Santa Maria in 1427 and on the islands of Corvo and Flores in 1452.

The study also suggests, based on various models to determine weather conditions, that the first settlers of the archipelago were “probably” from Northern Europe and found “favorable climatic conditions for sailing to the Azores at the end of the high Middle Ages due to the prevalence of north-east winds and weakening of the west”.

“The published work records the arrival of the first settlers to the islands at the end of the high Middle Ages,” emphasizes CIBIO – Azores, adding that the investigation contradicts the consensus that the archipelago was never inhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese. …

Cited in the statement, Pedro Raposeiro, a researcher at the Azores Center and first author of the article, emphasizes that the investigation “demonstrates the importance of promoting interdisciplinary research between the natural sciences and the humanities” so that there is “a wider field of action.” a vision of what really happened in the past. “

Researchers analyzed and dated, using geological, chemical, physical and biological methods, five soundings of sediments recovered from the bottom of lakes in the islands of San Miguel, Pico, Terceira, Flores and Corvo.

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“They found sterols in lake sediments, a very abundant fraction of organic matter in mammalian feces and coprophilic bottom, which are interpreted as indicators of human activity,” the center explains.

Also quoted in the statement is Timothy Shanahang, a researcher at the University of Texas (United States of America), explains that mammalian gut produces “abundant fecal sterols and stanols, which are well preserved in lake sediments and are a unique and unambiguous indicator of their presence among large mammals in certain periods of the past ”.

“In addition, the compounds made by the intestines of humans and cattle are different, which allows us to distinguish between them,” he says.

Santiago Giralt, one of the main authors of the article, adds that due to their geographic location, the islands of the Azores “were not inhabited by large mammals” and that the appearance of “coprostanol in sediments” could be attributed to the presence of humans and stigmastanol in ruminants such as cows. goats or sheep. “

Based on the study of pollen, fossil plant fragments and coal residues present in the sediments, the study also characterized the impact of early human activities on the island’s ecosystems, which led to “profound ecological and ecological changes.”

“Although historical sources describe the Azores as densely forested and pristine, this work highlights the discrepancy that exists between the fossil record and the historical record that most often serves as a reference point for identifying pristine ecosystems,” says Pedro Raposeiro.

In addition to researchers from the University of the Azores Center, research in Portugal was carried out in collaboration with the Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Don Luis Institute, University of Lisbon and the University of Évora.

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Experts from Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN-CSIC), Institute of Science and Technology of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, ​​Center for Environmental Research and Applications in Forestry (CREAF), Institute for Marine Research (IIM-CSIC) National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), University of La -Coruna (UC), University of Barcelona (UB), University of Texas, Brown University of the United States of America, NIOZ (Netherlands), University of Amsterdam (Netherlands), University of Bern (Switzerland) and Edith Cowen University (Australia).

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Vladimir Putin has delayed the invasion of Ukraine at least three times.

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Putin has repeatedly consulted with Russian Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu about the invasion, Europa Press told Ukraine’s chief intelligence director Vadim Skibitsky.

According to Skibitsky, it was the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), which is responsible for counterintelligence and espionage work, that put pressure on Gerasimov and other military agencies to agree to launch an offensive. .

However, according to the Ukrainian intelligence services, the FSB considered that by the end of February sufficient preparations had already been made to guarantee the success of the Russian Armed Forces in a lightning invasion.

However, according to Kyiv, the Russian General Staff provided the Russian troops with supplies and ammunition for only three days, hoping that the offensive would be swift and immediately successful.

The head of Ukrainian intelligence also emphasized the cooperation of local residents, who always provided the Ukrainian authorities with up-to-date information about the Russian army, such as the number of soldiers or the exact location of troops.

The military offensive launched on February 24 by Russia in Ukraine caused at least 6.5 million internally displaced persons and more than 7.8 million refugees to European countries, which is why the UN classifies this migration crisis as the worst in Europe since World War II (1939-1945). gg.). ).

At the moment, 17.7 million Ukrainians are in need of humanitarian assistance, and 9.3 million are in need of food aid and housing.

The UN has presented as confirmed 6,755 civilian deaths and 10,607 wounded since the beginning of the war, stressing that these figures are much lower than the real ones.

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Life sentence for former Swedish official for spying for Russia

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A Stockholm court on Monday sentenced a former Swedish intelligence officer to life in prison for spying for Russia, and his brother to at least 12 years in prison. In what is considered one of the most serious cases in Swedish counterintelligence history, much of the trial took place behind closed doors in the name of national security.

According to the prosecution, it was Russian military intelligence, the GRU, who took advantage of the information provided by the two brothers between 2011 and their arrest at the end of 2021.

Peyman Kia, 42, has held many senior positions in the Swedish security apparatus, including the army and his country’s intelligence services (Säpo). His younger brother, Payam, 35, is accused of “participating in the planning” of the plot and of “managing contacts with Russia and the GRU, including passing on information and receiving financial rewards.”

Both men deny the charges, and their lawyers have demanded an acquittal on charges of “aggravated espionage,” according to the Swedish news agency TT.

The trial coincides with another case of alleged Russian espionage, with the arrest of the Russian-born couple in late November in a suburb of Stockholm by a police team arriving at dawn in a Blackhawk helicopter.

Research website Bellingcat identified them as Sergei Skvortsov and Elena Kulkova. The couple allegedly acted as sleeper agents for Moscow, having moved to Sweden in the late 1990s.

According to Swedish press reports, the couple ran companies specializing in the import and export of electronic components and industrial technology.

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The man was again detained at the end of November for “illegal intelligence activities.” His partner, suspected of being an accomplice, has been released but remains under investigation.

According to Swedish authorities, the arrests are not related to the trial of the Kia brothers.

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Ukraine admitted that Russia may announce a general mobilization

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“They can strengthen their positions. We understand that this can happen. At the same time, we do not rule out that they will announce a general mobilization,” Danilov said in an interview with the Ukrainska Pravda online publication.

Danilov believed that this mobilization would also be convened “to exterminate as many as possible” of Russian citizens, so that “they would no longer have any problems on their territory.”

In this sense, Danilov also reminded that Russia has not given up on securing control over Kyiv or the idea of ​​the complete “destruction” of Ukraine. “We have to be ready for anything,” he said.

“I want everyone to understand that [os russos] they have not given up on the idea of ​​destroying our nation. If they don’t have Kyiv in their hands, they won’t have anything in their hands, we must understand this,” continued Danilov, who also did not rule out that a new Russian offensive would come from “Belarus and other territories.” .

As such, Danilov praised the decision of many of its residents who chose to stay in the Ukrainian capital when the war broke out in order to defend the city.

“They expected that there would be panic, that people would run, that there would be nothing to protect Kyiv,” he added, referring to President Volodymyr Zelensky.

The military offensive launched on February 24 by Russia in Ukraine caused at least 6.5 million internally displaced persons and more than 7.8 million refugees to European countries, which is why the UN classifies this migration crisis as the worst in Europe since World War II (1939-1945). gg.). ).

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At the moment, 17.7 million Ukrainians are in need of humanitarian assistance, and 9.3 million are in need of food aid and housing.

The Russian invasion, justified by Russian President Vladimir Putin on the need to “denazify” and demilitarize Ukraine for Russia’s security, was condemned by the international community at large, which responded by sending weapons to Ukraine and imposing political and economic sanctions on Russia.

The UN has presented as confirmed 6,755 civilian deaths and 10,607 wounded since the beginning of the war, stressing that these figures are much lower than the real ones.

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