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China says it has a “zero tolerance policy” for racism, but the attack on Africans occurred decades ago
Another user in Kenya, Peter Kariuk, wrote: “We need a united Africa that will not be a slave to #BlackChina.”
But China’s official response stopped recognizing that discrimination occurred – or apologized for it.
The Global Times, a nationalist tabloid controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, went further, publishing an article entitled: “Who is behind the false news about ‘discrimination’ against Africans in China?”
Traditionally, Beijing has described racism as a Western problem. But for many Africans, whose country in recent years has become very economically intertwined with Beijing, the Guangzhou episode reveals the gap between the official diplomatic warmth offered by Beijing to African countries and the suspicions that many Chinese have for Africans themselves.
And that has been a problem for decades.
There is no racism in China
The West only began to really pay attention – and criticize – China’s relations with Africa in 2006, after a summit that saw almost every African head of state descend on Beijing.
But China’s relations with Africa stretch back to the 1950s, when Beijing made friends with new independent nations to position themselves as leaders in the developing world and to fight US and Soviet Union forces during the Cold War era.
The presence of African students in China is very unusual.
Most foreigners left China after the Communist Party came to power in 1949. When African students began arriving in significant numbers in the late 1970s, China had only just begun to open up to the world. Most people still live in rural areas without access to international media, and haven’t seen black people outside propaganda posters – let alone meet one.
From the beginning, clashes were reported in all countries.
“The Chinese deceived us,” Solomon A. Tardey from Liberia told the newspaper. “We know the truth now. We will tell our government what the truth is. ”
Race riots in China
In 1988, a total of 1,500 of the 6,000 foreign students in China were African, and had spread to campuses throughout the country – a tactic designed to weaken racial tensions, according to a 1994 report by Michael J Sullivan in China Quarterly magazine.
But the effort was unsuccessful, and on Christmas Eve that year anti-black tensions erupted in the eastern city of Nanjing, resulting in hordes of Chinese protesters driving the Africans out of the city.
Africans think that when they try to bring a Chinese friend to a dance, they are ridiculed as “black devils” and a fight ensues, according to Sullivan.
Whichever account is correct, what happens after has been well documented.
That night, around 1,000 local students surrounded the African hostel, after rumors swept across the campus that they were holding a Chinese woman against her will. Chinese students throw bricks through their windows.
After police dispersed the scene on Christmas Day, around 70 African students decided to leave the campus and walk to the city train station, hoping to travel to Beijing where they had an embassy. Other dark-skinned foreigners, including Americans, also fled, fearing for their safety.
On campus, rumors spread that Chinese hostages have died.
When the mob approached, the police took out all the black students to the nearest guesthouse, where they are detained until several Ghanaian and Gambian students are arrested for fighting at a campus dance.
Other Africans were told to return to campus – and were warned not to go out at night.
Kaiser Kuo, an American-born Chinese guitarist in the Tang Dynasty rock band, and founder of the Chinese Sup media group, was studying at Beijing Language and Culture University that Christmas, living on the dorm floor with students from Zambia and Liberia. He remembers hearing about racial riots.
“They are angry with the Africans that it seems that the honor of a Chinese woman has been tarnished,” he said. “This is one of those things where rumors continue to rise. By the time it reached my ears, the version was that a Chinese girl had been raped to death, when of course there was no evidence that such a thing had ever happened.
“As far as I know, it’s more like an African man asking a Chinese girl.”
Anti-African protest
The event in Nanjing was not an outlier. In the city of Hangzhou, students claimed Africa was the carrier of the AID virus in 1988, although foreign students had to test negative for HIV before entering the country, Barry Sautman wrote in the China Quarterly.
Then, in January 1989, around 2,000 Beijing students boycotted classes in protest against Africans dating Chinese women – a matter of repetitive lightning rods. In Wuhan years, posters appeared around campuses calling Africans “black devils,” and urged them to go home.
Kuo recalls: “You know, around me, there is a real concern among African students for the type of xenophobia that is increasing on campuses.”
That created a problem for Beijing, writes Sautman, because it weakened China’s confidence as a developing world leader – and hostility did not go unnoticed.
Just as African media across the continent were angered by the Guangzhou incident in April 2020, newspapers in Africa reacted angrily in the 1980s. A Kenyan publication said they were not “coincidental,” Sautman wrote. A Liberian newspaper talks about “yellow discrimination.” A Nigerian radio station said Chinese students “couldn’t stand seeing Africans” mixed in with Chinese girls.
The Chinese Ambassador to the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union, was called to answer what happened in China, and the OAU secretary general called it “undercover apartheid.”
Many African students left China as a result. Around the same time, China announced a reduction in interest-free loans for Africa, marking the cooling of official relations, although the ties never broke.
Now a social science professor at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Sautman said that while anti-African protests during the late 1980s were about race, they were also a way for Chinese students to express broader anti-government sentiment.
“The people who participated in the anti-African demonstration at the time were students, and the students were in some ways jealous of African students,” he said.
“They think they live better than they do because they get subsidies from their home government and the Chinese government, and they also think that Africans act more freely than Chinese students are allowed to act,” Sautman said.
Is Chinese racism the same as Western racism?
As Chinese interaction with Africans increased in the 21st century, the awkward gap between Beijing’s public friendship expanded and the personal suspicions of its citizens again triggered moments of racial tensions.
“Most of the intolerance of China that boils is based on color. It is not an exaggeration to say that many of my citizens have pale racial flattery which is lower than ours,” he said.
“(It seems) direct racism, but on closer inspection it is not entirely based on race. Many of us even look down on Chinese colleagues who have darker skin, especially women. Beauty products that claim to whiten skin always get a premium. And children children continue to be praised for having white skin. “
But more recent events have undermined the idea that discrimination against black people in China is not racism.
The following year, a museum in Wuhan city apologized for presenting an exhibition that juxtaposed images of Africans and African wild animals that made the same facial expressions. Then, in 2018, the annual gala for national CCTV broadcasters drew anger after a Chinese woman appeared on a black face.
“There is a classic discussion about whether Chinese racism is racist in the way imagined in the West or Europe, or whether it is a different discrimination policy,” said Winslow Robertson, founder of Cowries and Rice, Chinese-African management consultant.
“My feeling is racism. Is it identical to what we see in the US coming out of chattel slavery? No. But if you define racism based on something you can’t change about yourself, then that’s racism.”
Discrimination against Africans in China during the coronavirus pandemic, he added, has revealed that fact.
But Paul Mensah, a Ghanaian merchant who has lived in the southern city of Shenzhen for five years, said the treatment of Africans in China during the Covid-19 pandemic had shaped perceptions about racial attitudes in the country.
“I think racism is inherent in America but I never thought people in China would do this,” Mensah said. “Before when they (Chinese) would see black people, they would touch your skin and touch your hair, and I think that was out of curiosity because many of them did not travel. But this is racism and there is no penalty for that.”
Sautman, who wrote a paper about the Nanjing riots, said that if China was serious about eliminating mistreatment of foreigners, it should punish those who racially harassed and discriminated.
Article 4 of the Chinese constitution stipulates that “all ethnic groups in the People’s Republic of China are the same … discrimination and oppression of any ethnic group is prohibited. It is forbidden to damage ethnic unity and create ethnic divisions.”
Without imposed legal deterrence, Sautman said it would be difficult to change the way the Chinese treated Africans. “There is no place in the world where racial discrimination has diminished without taking action,” he said.
Acrylic nails are a popular choice for those looking to add length, strength, and style to their natural nails. Whether you’re new to the world of acrylics or a seasoned nail enthusiast, there are always questions that arise about the application, maintenance, and overall care of these enhancements. This guide will answer all your acrylic nail questions to ensure your next manicure is a complete success.
What Are Acrylic Nails?
Acrylic nails are artificial nail enhancements made from a mixture of liquid monomer and powder polymer. When combined, they form a hard protective layer that can be molded into various shapes and lengths. Once hardened, they provide a durable and long-lasting canvas for nail polish, art, or simply a natural look. For more in-depth information, check out Acrylic Nail FAQs to get all the details you need before your next salon visit.
How Are Acrylic Nails Applied?
The application process of acrylic nails begins with the preparation of your natural nails. The nail technician will clean your nails, file them down, and apply a bonding agent to help the acrylic adhere. The acrylic mixture is then applied in thin layers, sculpted to the desired shape, and allowed to dry. Once set, the nails are filed, shaped, and buffed to a smooth finish.
Acrylic nails can be customized in terms of length and shape, making them a versatile choice for anyone looking to enhance their look.
How Long Do Acrylic Nails Last?
Typically, acrylic nails can last anywhere from two to three weeks before requiring a fill. During a fill, the nail technician will replace any grown-out acrylic and maintain the structure of the nails. With proper care, acrylic nails can be worn for extended periods, but it’s essential to give your natural nails a break occasionally to maintain nail health.
How Do You Care for Acrylic Nails?
Caring for acrylic nails is crucial to ensuring they last as long as possible and that your natural nails remain healthy underneath. Here are some essential tips:
- Avoid excessive water exposure: Prolonged exposure to water can weaken acrylic nails, making them prone to lifting or damage. When washing dishes or cleaning, consider wearing gloves to protect your nails.
- Moisturize cuticles regularly: The acrylic application process can sometimes dry out your cuticles. Regularly apply cuticle oil to keep your cuticles hydrated and prevent hangnails.
- Be gentle with your nails: Acrylics can be strong, but they’re not indestructible. Avoid using your nails as tools to open packages or scrape things, as this can lead to breakage.
- Schedule regular fills: As your natural nails grow, gaps will appear between the acrylic and your cuticles. Regular fills ensure your nails maintain a smooth, polished look and help prevent lifting.
How Do You Remove Acrylic Nails Safely?
Proper removal is crucial to avoid damaging your natural nails. It’s highly recommended to have acrylics removed by a professional at the salon. However, if you prefer to remove them at home, follow these steps:
- Soak in acetone: Start by soaking a cotton ball in acetone, then place it on each nail. Wrap your fingers in aluminum foil and allow the acetone to work for about 20 minutes.
- Gently scrape off the acrylic: After soaking, use a cuticle pusher or an orange stick to gently scrape off the softened acrylic. Be patient and avoid forcing the acrylic off, as this can damage your natural nails.
- Buff and moisturize: Once the acrylic is completely removed, buff your natural nails to smooth out any rough spots and apply cuticle oil to restore moisture.
Are Acrylic Nails Safe for Your Natural Nails?
When applied and removed properly, acrylic nails should not cause significant damage to your natural nails. However, improper removal or overuse without giving your nails time to breathe can lead to thinning, weakening, or breakage of your natural nails.
If you plan on wearing acrylic nails long-term, it’s a good idea to take breaks between applications and ensure you’re nourishing your nails with oils and treatments.
What Are the Best Acrylic Nail Shapes?
Choosing the right nail shape is essential for creating a look that complements your hands. Some of the most popular acrylic nail shapes include:
– Square: A straight-edged, classic look perfect for shorter nails.
– Oval: A soft, rounded shape that elongates the fingers.
– Coffin: Also known as ballerina shape, this trendy look features a tapered edge with a flat tip.
– Stiletto: A dramatic, pointy shape ideal for those who want a bold statement.
Each shape offers a unique aesthetic and can be tailored to suit your personal style.
Are There Any Alternatives to Acrylic Nails?
If you’re looking for a different type of nail enhancement, consider these alternatives:
– Gel nails: Gel nails offer a glossy finish and are cured under UV or LED light. They’re less rigid than acrylics and can feel more natural.
– Dip powder: This method involves dipping the nails into a colored powder and sealing them with a clear coat. It provides a similar look to acrylics but is generally less damaging to the natural nails.
Conclusion
Acrylic nails are a versatile and durable option for achieving customized, beautiful nails. By understanding the application process, knowing how to care for them, and safely removing them, you can enjoy long-lasting manicures that enhance your style. With the ability to choose from a variety of shapes and designs, acrylic nails offer endless possibilities for self-expression. Remember to take care of your natural nails in between applications to keep them healthy and strong. Whether you’re a first-time user or a seasoned pro, acrylic nails can be a fantastic way to express your personality and keep your nails looking flawless for weeks.
When sanctions were imposed on Russia for its war against Ukraine, their objectives were twofold: to reduce Russian military capacity by limiting modern weapons and to lower Russian revenue streams. While in the beginning, the sanctions indeed weakened the Russian economy, they have fallen short of their initial objectives – mostly because Russia has found ways to circumvent many of them. The Kremlin has exploited international corruption, relied on foreign third parties, and utilized loopholes in trade restrictions. One such individual who allegedly provides services to Russian-linked companies is Jacqueline Troost Omvlee, a Geneva-based Dutch citizen.
Jacqueline Troost Omvlee is married to Niels Troost, an oil trader sanctioned by the United Kingdom. He and his company, Paramount Energy & Commodities SA, are among the 50 individuals and organizations blacklisted in response to the business connections with Russia. His wife, Jacqueline, helps to facilitate financial transactions for Niles Troost and Russian oligarchs including Gennady Timchenko, a Russian billionaire oil trader and Putin`s close associate.
Gennady Timchenko and his family have been sanctioned in many countries for backing the Kremlin’s war machine. However, with the help of Jacqueline Troost Omvlee, he seems to find ways to evade sanctions and continue his financial operations. In these illegal schemes, individuals like Jacqueline often serve as a front person for sanctioned oligarchs and their business assets. Russian-linked companies set up subsidiaries around the world, often registering new entities in offshore havens or countries where regulations are relatively lax or non-existent. To obfuscate the arrangements, the daughter companies spawn offspring in the form of subsidiaries, as the chain of concealment stretches on and on. The result is like a giant Matryoshka doll.
Jacqueline’s involvement in financial transactions that potentially support Timchenko’s interests raises significant concerns about the efficacy of Western sanctions. The fact that Jacqueline Troost Omvlee continues to operate without facing sanctions herself highlights a significant loophole in the enforcement mechanism. Various shady schemes and tactics designed to circumvent sanctions often hide the activity of individuals such as Jacqueline, making it difficult for authorities to detect and punish them for their involvement.
Jacqueline Troost Omvlee’s role in her husband’s financial dealings as well as her alleged ties to Russian business schemes, emphasizes the need for stronger international sanctions. Her actions not only aid in sanctions evasion but also diminish the overall effectiveness of the measures designed to isolate and pressure those supporting the Russian regime. Therefore, sanctioning Jacqueline Troost Omvlee is not only a matter of addressing her individual actions but also a necessary step to reinforce the credibility and effectiveness of the sanctions regime. By targeting individuals who play a key role in evading sanctions, authorities can send a strong message that efforts to undermine international sanctions will not go unpunished. This measure is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the sanctions system and ensuring that it achieves its intended goal of isolating and restraining those who support destabilizing activities.
European countries and the US need to expand their sanctions-tracking and investigative actions to improve the monitoring of sanctions compliance and to introduce new measures against systematic violators of law. The sanctioning states have the resources and capacity for this, and need to take action now.
Ensuring a long and healthy life for your Hermann’s Tortoise requires a combination of proper care, nutrition, and habitat management. Hermann’s Tortoises, known for their charming personalities and distinctive shells, can live for several decades with the right conditions. Understanding their needs and providing a suitable environment is key to helping them thrive. Here’s how you can support your Hermann’s Tortoise in living a long, happy life.
Creating an Optimal Habitat
One of the most critical factors in promoting the longevity of your Hermann’s Tortoise is the creation of a suitable habitat. Providing an environment that mimics their natural surroundings is essential for their overall health. An appropriate habitat helps prevent stress and supports their well-being. For detailed guidance on setting up an ideal habitat, including specific requirements for outdoor enclosures, visit this comprehensive guide on Habitat for Hermann’s Tortoise.
- Outdoor Enclosure: Hermann’s Tortoises thrive in outdoor enclosures that provide ample space to roam, bask, and forage. An outdoor setup should include a secure, predator-proof area with access to natural sunlight. Incorporate areas for basking and shade to allow the tortoise to regulate its body temperature. Additionally, include plants, rocks, and hiding spots to simulate their natural habitat and encourage natural behaviors.
- Indoor Habitat: If an outdoor enclosure is not feasible, an indoor habitat can also support a long lifespan if set up correctly. Use a large, well-ventilated enclosure with appropriate heating and UVB lighting. Provide a substrate that allows for burrowing and offer various hiding spots and enrichment items.
Diet and Nutrition
A balanced diet is vital for maintaining the health and longevity of your Hermann’s Tortoise. They are primarily herbivores, and their diet should reflect their natural feeding habits.
- Leafy Greens: Offer a variety of leafy greens such as kale, collard greens, and dandelion greens. These vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals that support overall health.
- Vegetables and Fruits: Supplement their diet with other vegetables like carrots, squash, and bell peppers. Fruits should be given in moderation due to their high sugar content.
- Calcium and Supplements: Provide a calcium supplement to support shell and bone health. A cuttlebone or powdered calcium can be added to their food. Ensure that they also have access to fresh, clean water at all times.
Regular Health Checks
Routine health checks are essential for early detection of potential health issues. Regular veterinary visits help ensure your tortoise remains in optimal condition and addresses any health concerns promptly.
- Observation: Monitor your tortoise’s behavior and physical condition regularly. Changes in appetite, weight, or activity level can indicate health problems.
- Preventative Care: Schedule annual check-ups with a veterinarian experienced in reptile care. Regular exams help catch any issues early and keep vaccinations and other preventative treatments up to date.
Environmental Enrichment
Providing environmental enrichment helps keep your Hermann’s Tortoise mentally stimulated and active. Enrichment can reduce stress and prevent boredom, contributing to a better quality of life.
- Foraging Opportunities: Hide food items around the enclosure to encourage natural foraging behavior. This not only provides mental stimulation but also mimics their natural hunting practices.
- Variety: Change the layout of their enclosure periodically and introduce new objects or plants to keep their environment interesting and engaging.
Conclusion
By focusing on creating the right habitat, providing a balanced diet, ensuring regular health checks, and offering environmental enrichment, you can significantly enhance the lifespan and well-being of your Hermann’s Tortoise. For further details on creating an ideal habitat, including tips for designing an outdoor enclosure, refer to this helpful guide on Habitat for Hermann’s Tortoise. Implementing these practices will help ensure that your tortoise enjoys a long, healthy life.
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