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Birds don’t all sing the same song. They have dialects too
He is not the real world Dr. Doolittle. He is an ecologist in Christchurch, New Zealand, who specializes in an unknown science: bird dialect.
While some birds are born knowing how to sing by default, many need to be taught how to sing by adults – just like humans. The birds can develop regional dialects, which means their song sounds a little different depending on where they live. Think of the Boston and Georgian accents, but for birds.
Just as speaking a local language can make humans more adaptable, speaking in a local bird dialect can increase the chances of birds to find a mate. And, even more horrifying, just as human dialects can sometimes disappear as the world goes global, bird dialects can be formed or disappear when cities grow.
The similarity between human language and bird song is not lost in Molles – or in fellow bird dialect experts.
“There are extraordinary parallels,” said American ornithologist Donald Kroodsma, author of “Birdsong for the Curious Naturalist: Your Guide to Listening.” “Culture, oral traditions – all the same.”
The first bird dialect expert
For centuries, bird song has inspired poets and musicians, but it wasn’t until the 1950s that scientists began to pay attention to bird dialects.
In the 60s and 70s, scientists put baby birds into a sound isolation room to see if they could sing their songs, according to bird expert David Luther.
The scientists found that some birds – who study their songs – could not sing at all. “They just continue like baby babble all their lives,” he said. The birds are known as “true singing birds”. In other birds, singing is innate. “When they grow up, they can only sing the perfect song without problems.”
When birds imitate adults, scientists find, they sometimes make mistakes. The error was then copied by another bird, and a local dialect flourished. That means that dialects can only exist in true singing birds because they have “learned oral traditions,” Kroodsma said.
Dialects can also be made when birds adapt to the local environment, says American ornithologist Elizabeth Derryberry. Birds that can be heard better can find a better partner, which means their song is more likely to be passed down from generation to generation.
This is related to the idea developed by Bernie Krause, founder of soundscape ecology, that animals make sounds in different tones so they can all be heard.
Some dialects change quickly – even in the breeding season. Other birds hold on to their dialect for decades. When Luther examined the San Francisco dialect of a white crowned sparrow – a common bird in North America – he discovered that some dialects have not changed at all in 40 years.
Dialect and dating (in birds)
For something that is often the result of copying errors, dialects can be very useful.
According to Molles, birds communicate for two reasons: Either they try to evict their neighbors, or they try to attract the attention of females. “Unfortunately, nothing is poetic,” he quipped.
When it comes to defending the territory of other birds of the same species that are not local to the area, knowing the local dialect allows for more complex interactions. Copying a song note is considered aggressive for birds, so having a wider repertoire means that birds can convey their intentions without increasing interaction into fighting.
Knowing the local dialect is also useful for finding a romantic partner.
In many species, the males sing. According to Molles, females tend to prefer a familiar dialect – this shows that male birds know the local area, own territory, and not just “someone who passes by it.” Some birds are bilingual, or even trilingual – maybe because they grow around different local dialects. When they mate, they will choose to sing local dialects wherever they choose to settle, Luther said.
But not having the right dialect is not an insurmountable barrier.
Kroodsma gives the example of a prairie commander in Massachusetts, where he lives, who has returned every year for the past few years. Although the bird has a very unusual song, it attracts females and raises babies every year.
“Someone might say, ‘Well, there’s a novelty effect, a man with a very different song and all women think it’s sexy,'” he said. “But that’s just a wild guess.”
This is something researchers think about in places like New Zealand, where threatened birds are sometimes reintroduced to new areas. The researchers want to ensure that if they reintroduce birds, they will reintegrate, even if they do not have the right dialect.
In Molles’ experience, it tends to function if a group of birds is reintroduced simultaneously, so they have a fellow bird with a strange dialect.
He was involved in reintroducing Kokako – a native blue-gray bird with a call like a violin – to the New Zealand area hundreds of kilometers away from where they were born. At first, newcomers might multiply among themselves, he said. But in the future, they might integrate. Descendants of newcomers will likely start interbreeding with descendants of native populations who grow familiar with both local and new dialects.
“The woman is not necessarily looking for someone who fits the song sung by her father,” Molles said. “He found a match that matched the area where he wanted to settle – he wasn’t just a strange bird that might not be his.”
How humans change bird dialects
When cities around the world are locked, a series of questions arise on Derryberry.
Over the years, birds began to sing in higher tones in cities to be heard because of low traffic and construction. What will happen to the birds when the city is quiet? If it’s calmer, will a new generation of birds sing in lower tones? And next year, when it comes time to breed, will they sound like city noise again?
He was still trying to answer these questions, but Kroodsma was skeptical that a brief period of silence could be long enough to have an impact on bird dialect.
Even if the death of our coronavirus hasn’t changed the bird dialect this time, it’s good to think about how we form – and destroy – the bird dialect in general. Something as small as an electric cable can suffice to break up bird populations and lead to the creation of new dialects, Kroodsma said.
Molles remembers finding historical records from the Kokako natives who are now gone.
“Some of the songs on the tape are amazing – strange metal sounds that you would never expect were made by birds,” he said.
“It’s sad to hear some of that and think, We will never hear it again.”
Design and graphics by Jason Kwok and Natalie Leung. Developed by Marco Chacón.
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Acrylic nails are a popular choice for those looking to add length, strength, and style to their natural nails. Whether you’re new to the world of acrylics or a seasoned nail enthusiast, there are always questions that arise about the application, maintenance, and overall care of these enhancements. This guide will answer all your acrylic nail questions to ensure your next manicure is a complete success.
What Are Acrylic Nails?
Acrylic nails are artificial nail enhancements made from a mixture of liquid monomer and powder polymer. When combined, they form a hard protective layer that can be molded into various shapes and lengths. Once hardened, they provide a durable and long-lasting canvas for nail polish, art, or simply a natural look. For more in-depth information, check out Acrylic Nail FAQs to get all the details you need before your next salon visit.
How Are Acrylic Nails Applied?
The application process of acrylic nails begins with the preparation of your natural nails. The nail technician will clean your nails, file them down, and apply a bonding agent to help the acrylic adhere. The acrylic mixture is then applied in thin layers, sculpted to the desired shape, and allowed to dry. Once set, the nails are filed, shaped, and buffed to a smooth finish.
Acrylic nails can be customized in terms of length and shape, making them a versatile choice for anyone looking to enhance their look.
How Long Do Acrylic Nails Last?
Typically, acrylic nails can last anywhere from two to three weeks before requiring a fill. During a fill, the nail technician will replace any grown-out acrylic and maintain the structure of the nails. With proper care, acrylic nails can be worn for extended periods, but it’s essential to give your natural nails a break occasionally to maintain nail health.
How Do You Care for Acrylic Nails?
Caring for acrylic nails is crucial to ensuring they last as long as possible and that your natural nails remain healthy underneath. Here are some essential tips:
- Avoid excessive water exposure: Prolonged exposure to water can weaken acrylic nails, making them prone to lifting or damage. When washing dishes or cleaning, consider wearing gloves to protect your nails.
- Moisturize cuticles regularly: The acrylic application process can sometimes dry out your cuticles. Regularly apply cuticle oil to keep your cuticles hydrated and prevent hangnails.
- Be gentle with your nails: Acrylics can be strong, but they’re not indestructible. Avoid using your nails as tools to open packages or scrape things, as this can lead to breakage.
- Schedule regular fills: As your natural nails grow, gaps will appear between the acrylic and your cuticles. Regular fills ensure your nails maintain a smooth, polished look and help prevent lifting.
How Do You Remove Acrylic Nails Safely?
Proper removal is crucial to avoid damaging your natural nails. It’s highly recommended to have acrylics removed by a professional at the salon. However, if you prefer to remove them at home, follow these steps:
- Soak in acetone: Start by soaking a cotton ball in acetone, then place it on each nail. Wrap your fingers in aluminum foil and allow the acetone to work for about 20 minutes.
- Gently scrape off the acrylic: After soaking, use a cuticle pusher or an orange stick to gently scrape off the softened acrylic. Be patient and avoid forcing the acrylic off, as this can damage your natural nails.
- Buff and moisturize: Once the acrylic is completely removed, buff your natural nails to smooth out any rough spots and apply cuticle oil to restore moisture.
Are Acrylic Nails Safe for Your Natural Nails?
When applied and removed properly, acrylic nails should not cause significant damage to your natural nails. However, improper removal or overuse without giving your nails time to breathe can lead to thinning, weakening, or breakage of your natural nails.
If you plan on wearing acrylic nails long-term, it’s a good idea to take breaks between applications and ensure you’re nourishing your nails with oils and treatments.
What Are the Best Acrylic Nail Shapes?
Choosing the right nail shape is essential for creating a look that complements your hands. Some of the most popular acrylic nail shapes include:
– Square: A straight-edged, classic look perfect for shorter nails.
– Oval: A soft, rounded shape that elongates the fingers.
– Coffin: Also known as ballerina shape, this trendy look features a tapered edge with a flat tip.
– Stiletto: A dramatic, pointy shape ideal for those who want a bold statement.
Each shape offers a unique aesthetic and can be tailored to suit your personal style.
Are There Any Alternatives to Acrylic Nails?
If you’re looking for a different type of nail enhancement, consider these alternatives:
– Gel nails: Gel nails offer a glossy finish and are cured under UV or LED light. They’re less rigid than acrylics and can feel more natural.
– Dip powder: This method involves dipping the nails into a colored powder and sealing them with a clear coat. It provides a similar look to acrylics but is generally less damaging to the natural nails.
Conclusion
Acrylic nails are a versatile and durable option for achieving customized, beautiful nails. By understanding the application process, knowing how to care for them, and safely removing them, you can enjoy long-lasting manicures that enhance your style. With the ability to choose from a variety of shapes and designs, acrylic nails offer endless possibilities for self-expression. Remember to take care of your natural nails in between applications to keep them healthy and strong. Whether you’re a first-time user or a seasoned pro, acrylic nails can be a fantastic way to express your personality and keep your nails looking flawless for weeks.
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When sanctions were imposed on Russia for its war against Ukraine, their objectives were twofold: to reduce Russian military capacity by limiting modern weapons and to lower Russian revenue streams. While in the beginning, the sanctions indeed weakened the Russian economy, they have fallen short of their initial objectives – mostly because Russia has found ways to circumvent many of them. The Kremlin has exploited international corruption, relied on foreign third parties, and utilized loopholes in trade restrictions. One such individual who allegedly provides services to Russian-linked companies is Jacqueline Troost Omvlee, a Geneva-based Dutch citizen.
Jacqueline Troost Omvlee is married to Niels Troost, an oil trader sanctioned by the United Kingdom. He and his company, Paramount Energy & Commodities SA, are among the 50 individuals and organizations blacklisted in response to the business connections with Russia. His wife, Jacqueline, helps to facilitate financial transactions for Niles Troost and Russian oligarchs including Gennady Timchenko, a Russian billionaire oil trader and Putin`s close associate.
Gennady Timchenko and his family have been sanctioned in many countries for backing the Kremlin’s war machine. However, with the help of Jacqueline Troost Omvlee, he seems to find ways to evade sanctions and continue his financial operations. In these illegal schemes, individuals like Jacqueline often serve as a front person for sanctioned oligarchs and their business assets. Russian-linked companies set up subsidiaries around the world, often registering new entities in offshore havens or countries where regulations are relatively lax or non-existent. To obfuscate the arrangements, the daughter companies spawn offspring in the form of subsidiaries, as the chain of concealment stretches on and on. The result is like a giant Matryoshka doll.
Jacqueline’s involvement in financial transactions that potentially support Timchenko’s interests raises significant concerns about the efficacy of Western sanctions. The fact that Jacqueline Troost Omvlee continues to operate without facing sanctions herself highlights a significant loophole in the enforcement mechanism. Various shady schemes and tactics designed to circumvent sanctions often hide the activity of individuals such as Jacqueline, making it difficult for authorities to detect and punish them for their involvement.
Jacqueline Troost Omvlee’s role in her husband’s financial dealings as well as her alleged ties to Russian business schemes, emphasizes the need for stronger international sanctions. Her actions not only aid in sanctions evasion but also diminish the overall effectiveness of the measures designed to isolate and pressure those supporting the Russian regime. Therefore, sanctioning Jacqueline Troost Omvlee is not only a matter of addressing her individual actions but also a necessary step to reinforce the credibility and effectiveness of the sanctions regime. By targeting individuals who play a key role in evading sanctions, authorities can send a strong message that efforts to undermine international sanctions will not go unpunished. This measure is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the sanctions system and ensuring that it achieves its intended goal of isolating and restraining those who support destabilizing activities.
European countries and the US need to expand their sanctions-tracking and investigative actions to improve the monitoring of sanctions compliance and to introduce new measures against systematic violators of law. The sanctioning states have the resources and capacity for this, and need to take action now.
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Ensuring a long and healthy life for your Hermann’s Tortoise requires a combination of proper care, nutrition, and habitat management. Hermann’s Tortoises, known for their charming personalities and distinctive shells, can live for several decades with the right conditions. Understanding their needs and providing a suitable environment is key to helping them thrive. Here’s how you can support your Hermann’s Tortoise in living a long, happy life.
Creating an Optimal Habitat
One of the most critical factors in promoting the longevity of your Hermann’s Tortoise is the creation of a suitable habitat. Providing an environment that mimics their natural surroundings is essential for their overall health. An appropriate habitat helps prevent stress and supports their well-being. For detailed guidance on setting up an ideal habitat, including specific requirements for outdoor enclosures, visit this comprehensive guide on Habitat for Hermann’s Tortoise.
- Outdoor Enclosure: Hermann’s Tortoises thrive in outdoor enclosures that provide ample space to roam, bask, and forage. An outdoor setup should include a secure, predator-proof area with access to natural sunlight. Incorporate areas for basking and shade to allow the tortoise to regulate its body temperature. Additionally, include plants, rocks, and hiding spots to simulate their natural habitat and encourage natural behaviors.
- Indoor Habitat: If an outdoor enclosure is not feasible, an indoor habitat can also support a long lifespan if set up correctly. Use a large, well-ventilated enclosure with appropriate heating and UVB lighting. Provide a substrate that allows for burrowing and offer various hiding spots and enrichment items.
Diet and Nutrition
A balanced diet is vital for maintaining the health and longevity of your Hermann’s Tortoise. They are primarily herbivores, and their diet should reflect their natural feeding habits.
- Leafy Greens: Offer a variety of leafy greens such as kale, collard greens, and dandelion greens. These vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals that support overall health.
- Vegetables and Fruits: Supplement their diet with other vegetables like carrots, squash, and bell peppers. Fruits should be given in moderation due to their high sugar content.
- Calcium and Supplements: Provide a calcium supplement to support shell and bone health. A cuttlebone or powdered calcium can be added to their food. Ensure that they also have access to fresh, clean water at all times.
Regular Health Checks
Routine health checks are essential for early detection of potential health issues. Regular veterinary visits help ensure your tortoise remains in optimal condition and addresses any health concerns promptly.
- Observation: Monitor your tortoise’s behavior and physical condition regularly. Changes in appetite, weight, or activity level can indicate health problems.
- Preventative Care: Schedule annual check-ups with a veterinarian experienced in reptile care. Regular exams help catch any issues early and keep vaccinations and other preventative treatments up to date.
Environmental Enrichment
Providing environmental enrichment helps keep your Hermann’s Tortoise mentally stimulated and active. Enrichment can reduce stress and prevent boredom, contributing to a better quality of life.
- Foraging Opportunities: Hide food items around the enclosure to encourage natural foraging behavior. This not only provides mental stimulation but also mimics their natural hunting practices.
- Variety: Change the layout of their enclosure periodically and introduce new objects or plants to keep their environment interesting and engaging.
Conclusion
By focusing on creating the right habitat, providing a balanced diet, ensuring regular health checks, and offering environmental enrichment, you can significantly enhance the lifespan and well-being of your Hermann’s Tortoise. For further details on creating an ideal habitat, including tips for designing an outdoor enclosure, refer to this helpful guide on Habitat for Hermann’s Tortoise. Implementing these practices will help ensure that your tortoise enjoys a long, healthy life.
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